南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯垂直分布特征

通过对采集于南四湖湖区的沉积物柱状样品中有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）同系物的GC-ECD定量分析测定,并结合²¹⁰Pb同位素定年分析,重建了南四湖湖区有机污染物的污染史.结果表明,样品中OCPs、HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.64～17.9、0.66～12.5、0.24～2.99和7.84～42.8 ng·g^-1.柱状沉积物的沉积速率为0.330 cm·a^-1,平均沉积通量为0.237 g·(cm²·a)^-1,所采集的样品沉积时间为1899～2000年.OCPs和PCBs分别在1960和1970年左右出现浓度峰值,随后含量逐渐下降.污染物来源分析表明,HCHs来源于新的工业HCH和林丹2种工业品,HCH和DDT污染主要源于历史上的使用;PCBs主要来自于造纸漂白过程和焚烧炉排放.生态风险评价结果表明,除β-HCH、γ-HCH和艾氏剂3种污染物在14～16　cm附近、对应沉积时间为1960年左右测试数据略高于风险水平低值,其余污染物的所有数据均低于风险水平低值.整体而言,南四湖柱状沉积物中的OCPs和PCBs含量属于低生态风险水平.     

青岛近海沉积物中多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征

利用气相色谱/质谱方法对青岛近海表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了测定,并分析了PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的分布特征.结果表明,PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的均值分别为684.80、6.87和13.52ng·g-1,含量变化均呈近岸高、远岸低的分布规律.燃料的高温燃烧排放对本研究海域沉积物中PAHs有较大贡献;PCBs主要来源于工业及生活排放,但已受到控制;沉积物中HCHs存在工业和农业双重污染源输入,DDT主要是由于历史上使用农药造成,且在表层沉积物中受到好氧微生物降解.与国内外同类研究结果相比,调查海域沉积物中PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的污染程度及生态风险均处于较低水平.     

滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中多氯联苯的空间分布特征及风险评价

为了解城市人工湖泊中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染状况,利用GC/MS技术测定了滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、土壤中14种PCBs的含量,并对其分布特征、来源和生态风险进行了探讨与分析.结果表明,滴水湖及其环湖水系沉积物、周边农田土壤中Σ_(14)PCBs含量分别为0.65~16.41 ng·g~(-1)(以干重计)和0.47~1.27 ng·g~(-1),总体处于较低污染水平.但环湖水系表层沉积物高于湖区表层及柱样沉积物中PCBs含量,引水过程可能会对湖区造成污染.湖区沉积物中PCBs随深度增加而降低,表明自成湖以来湖区沉积物中PCBs有污染加剧的趋势.研究区沉积物、土壤中PCBs均以四氯联苯(Tetra-CBs)和五氯联苯(Penta-CBs)为主,分别占Σ_(14)PCBs的20.65%和67.12%,主要特征单体为PCB105、PCB118和PCB77.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PCBs主要来源于国产2号、1号PCB产品的使用残留、城市固废焚烧及煤、木材的燃烧排放.研究区沉积物及土壤中12种类二噁英类多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的毒性当量浓度(TEQs)为0.01~79.40 pg·g~(-1),其中环湖水系及湖区表层沉积物有7个样点中DL-PCBs-TEQs超过了美国EPA沉积物质量指导值(ISQGs),可能对水生生物产生毒性影响,应当引起重视.     

Thirty year monitoring of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and tetrabromodiphenylether in eel from The Netherlands

Because of their excellent properties as a biomonitor, yellow eels (Anguilla anguilla) have been used for time-trend monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and tetrabrominated diphenylether (tetra-BDE). The program has now lasted for thirty years and has delivered valuable information on trends and spatial differences of these compounds in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse and other Dutch canals, rivers and lakes. Specific local PCB, HCH and dieldrin contaminations were identified. Temporal trends show a slow decrease of PCB concentrations since 1977. Eels from the rivers Rhine and Meuse still exceed present European maximum residue limits for dioxin-like PCBs. Apart from some exceptions, OCP and tetra-BDE concentrations have also decreased, and more than those of PCBs. Fat contents of eel have decreased from an average of 21 to ca. 13%. This decrease in fat contents, coincides with the strong reduction of the European eel stock.     

Levels of PCDD/F in adipose tissue on non-occupationally exposed subjects living near a hazardous waste incinerator in Catalonia, Spain

The potential adverse effects on human health of hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) are a subject of concern. The construction of the first and till now only HWI in Spain finished in 1999. In 2007, after approximately 9 years of regular operations in the facility, the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were determined by HRGC/HRMS in samples of adipose tissue of 15 autopsied subjects living in the area under potential impact of the HWI (Constantí, Tarragona County, Catalonia). These data were compared with the levels found in two previous surveys performed in 1998 (baseline) and 2002. The current mean PCDD/F concentration in adipose tissue was 14.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat (range: 3.3–55.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat). It means significant changes (a reduction of 64% and an increase of 47%) in the mean PCDD/F levels in comparison to those found in 1998 and 2002: 40.1 and 9.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat, respectively. Women showed higher levels of PCDD/F than men (23.8 vs 11.2 pg WHO-TEQ/g of fat). The increase in the last 5 years would not be directly attributable to exposure to PCDD/F emitted by the HWI, as other biological monitors such as human plasma and milk decreased during the same period.     

Dietary patterns and blood levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in 1656 Japanese individuals

The association between dietary patterns and blood dioxin levels has not been fully investigated. The present study population consisted of 755 men and 901 women (aged 15-73 years) living in 90 different areas of 30 prefectures of Japan. Dietary habits were assessed by inquiring about the consumption frequency of 28 foods, food groups and beverages. In addition, the blood levels of 29 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCBs) congeners were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The median total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) in the blood, which was calculated on the basis of the toxicity equivalency factors of WHO (2005), was 16 pg TEQ g⁻¹ lipid. Principal component analysis identified five dietary patterns: Healthy diet (high intake of vegetables and fruits); Meat/High fat intake (high intake of meat, meat products, and eggs); Seafood and Alcohol (high intake of fish, shellfish, and alcoholic beverages); Miscellaneous; and Milk products and Alcohol intake (high intake of milk, Milk products, and alcoholic beverages). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and smoking habits, the Seafood and Alcohol pattern scores were significantly related to higher blood levels of total TEQ and PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs, and the Milk products and Alcohol pattern scores were correlated with higher blood levels of DL-PCBs. More detailed analysis showed that the intake frequencies for alcoholic beverages and seafood were independently and positively associated with total TEQ and the TEQ of PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The association between alcoholic beverage intake and PCDDs was also significant. Analysis of dietary patterns may be useful for identifying the dietary characteristics of individuals with a high dioxin body burden.     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China

PCN congeners were analyzed in marine and riverine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China. Concentrations of PCNs ranged from 0.12 to 5.1 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 1.1 ng g⁻¹ dw. The levels of PCNs varied largely, with industrial group approximately ten folds higher than those of the rural in riverine sediment. A strong impact by direct discharge from local factories was suggested. Similar compositional profiles were found within groups. High resemblance of compositional profiles between industrial samples and Halowax 1014 was observed. It was indicated that PCNs in riverine sediments were mainly from release of industrial usage, with additional contributions from industrial thermal process at certain sites. In marine sediments, it was suggested that PCNs along the coast of Laizhou Bay were mainly controlled by riverine input. While in the central bay, PCN distributions were possibly impacted by combined multiple factors.     

Modeling urban films using a dynamic multimedia fugacity model

A thin film coats impervious urban surfaces that can act as a source or sink of organic pollutants to the greater environment. We review recent developments in the understanding of film and film-associated pollutant behavior and incorporate them into an unsteady-state version of the fugacity based Multimedia Urban Model (MUM), focusing on detailed considerations of surface film dynamics. The model is used to explore the conditions under which these atmospherically-derived films act as a temporary source of chemicals to the air and/or storm water. Assuming film growth of 2.1 nm d⁻¹ (Wu et al., 2008a), PCB congeners 28 and 180 reach air-film equilibrium within hours and days, respectively. The model results suggest that the film acts as a temporary sink of chemicals from air during dry and cool weather, as a source to air in warmer weather, and as a source to storm water and soil during rain events. Using the downtown area of the City of Toronto Canada, as a case study, the model estimates that nearly 1 g d⁻¹ of ∑₅PCBs are transferred from air to film to storm water.     

Environmental site assessments and audits: Building inspection requirements

Environmental site assessment criteria were originally developed by organizations that focused, almost exclusively, on surface, subsurface, and pollution source contamination. Many of the hazards associated with indoor environments and building structures were traditionally not considered when evaluating sources and entities of environmental pollution. Since a large number of building materials are potentially hazardous, careful evaluation is necessary. Until recently, little information on building inspection requirements of environmental problems has been published. Traditionally, asbestos has been the main component of concern. The ever-changing environmental standards have dramatically expanded the scope of building surveys. Indoor environmental concerns, for example, currently include formaldehyde, lead-based paint, polychlorinated biphenyls, radon, and indoor air pollution. Environmental regulations are being expanded and developed that specifically include building structures. These regulatory standards are being triggered by an increased awareness of health effects from indoor exposure, fires, spills, and other accidents that have resulted in injury, death, and financial loss. This article discusses various aspects of assessments for building structures.     

Photodegradation of tetraphenyltin contained in polychlorinated biphenyl-based transformer oil simulants in alkaline 2-propanol solution

The photodegradation of tetraphenyltin (TePT) contained in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-based transformer oil simulants by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol solutions was examined. In the absence of PCBs, the TePT level fell to below 1% of the initial concentration within 30 min. In the absence of both PCBs and an alkali, the concentrations of tri-, di-, and monophenyltins initially increased to a few milligrams per liter, and then reduced to below the detection limits within 90 min. The addition of an alkali to the reaction solution slightly accelerated the photodecomposition of TePT. The decomposition of other phenyltins (PTs) was also accelerated. When PCBs with concentrations of approximately 80 times the initial TePT concentration were added, only a small fraction of the TePT decomposed within 100 min. Moreover, the levels of PTs did not change during irradiation. TePT and other PTs did decompose when the level of PCBs was reduced to the same concentration as that of TePT; however, the decomposition rates were slower than those in the absence of PCBs. In the actual treatment process, TePT and other PTs in PCB-based transformer oil are decomposed by catalytic reduction, which is used after UV irradiation. Therefore, in the actual treatment of PCB-based transformer oil wastes, pollution due to PTs can be prevented.